Author: Patricia Guillén
The Tribunal de l’entreprise de Liège (Belgium) is hearing a dispute between the folding bike company Brompton Bicycle Ltd and one of its competitors, the Korean company Chedech / Get2Get. The latter is placing on the Belgian market a bicycle which is very similar to the well-known Brompton bicycles and the English company considers that it infringes its intellectual property rights.
Nowadays, Brompton is the first bicycle manufacturer in England, with a turnover above 37 million €. Despite the fact that Spain is not at the forefront of bicycle mobility, it is estimated that around 25,000 Brompton bicycles are ridden along the streets of Spanish cities.
Following its invention, Brompton decided to protect its bicycle and, particularly its folding system under the patent system. On 3 October 1979, it applied for a European patent (EP0026800) which was subsequently validated in Germany, France, Italy and the Netherlands.
After 20 years of protection, the patent expired and the folding system entered the public domain, but the popularity of the bicycle continues to grow every day.
Once the patent has expired, is Brompton entitled to prevent the bicycle being copied?
In the first place, Brompton would not be entitled to prevent the exploitation of the invention, i.e. the folding system.
However, if the entire bicycle or part of its configuration is original, it could be protected under the copyright system. Therefore, unauthorized reproduction could be prevented until 70 years after the death of the author. And that’s how Brompton and his creator, Andrew Ritchie (who is 73 years old now) understand it.
Since 1987, Brompton Bicycle Ltd has been marketing the Brompton bicycle with the following external appearance:
In its more than thirty years of history, the Brompton bicycle and its creator have received several design awards and has been exhibited in various museums such as the Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam.
History repeats itself: the originality of the Brompton bicycle challenged again
The Belgian court is not the first one that is dealing with a similar case. The originality of the Brompton bicycle has been the subject of various court decisions in several countries, including Spain.
In its Decision 41/2010 of 10 February, Madrid Commercial Court no. 5 ruled on the infringement of the Brompton intellectual property rights. It considered that, although the patent EP0026800 had never been validated in Spain, it was necessary to check whether the shape of the Brompton bicycle was imposed by its technical function. That is, whether the folding and compactness functions determined the external shape of the bicycle or if on the contrary, the configuration and dimensions of its curved crossbar, the wheel spacing, its size and the shape of the handlebar were replaceable without losing functionality.
The Spanish court decision ruled that the aesthetic shape of the bicycle was not determined by the technical functions of folding and compactness. It considered that the bicycle was eligible for protection under the copyright system, in accordance with Article 10 of the Spanish Copyright Act. It also decided that Brompton Bicycle’s copyright had been infringed.
With the particularities of the specific case, the Belgian court is in a similar situation to the one faced by the Spanish Commercial Court. It is therefore up to the Belgian court to determine -as a precondition for ruling on the dispute- whether the Brompton bicycle is eligible for protection under the applicable national law, which is based on Directive 2001/29/EC on the harmonisation of certain aspects of copyright.
The significance of preliminary rulings in EU law
If any national court of the Member States of the European Union has doubts about the interpretation of European Union legislation, they may ask for a preliminary ruling to the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU). As the CJEU does not have jurisdiction, it will not decide on the merits of the case, but it will provide the interpretative guidelines of the law that the national court must apply.
Accordingly, in June 2018 the Belgian court ask for a preliminary ruling to the CJUE regarding Articles 2 to 5 of Directive 2001/29/EC:
- whether the exclusive rights granted to the copyright holders exclude the protection of those «works whose shape is necessary to achieve a technical result»? and
- whether in order to assess whether a shape is «necessary to achieve a technical result», account must be taken of the following criteria:
–The existence of other possible shapes which allow the same technical result to be achieved?
–The effectiveness of the shape in achieving that result?
–The intention of the alleged infringer to achieve that result?
–The existence of an earlier, now expired, patent on the process for achieving the technical result sought?’
The opinion of the Advocate General in Case C-833/18
In the course of the proceedings before the CJUE, after the written observations had been submitted and the hearing had taken place, the Advocate General delivered his opinion on 6 February 2020 (Case C-833/18).
Regarding the first question, the Advocate General considers that where technical reasons do not leave space for creativity there is a lack of originality and, subsequently, there is no place for granting copyright protection. In other words, if the technical function prevails and the appearance or form shape is “predetermined”, “imposed”, “dictated exclusively” or “conditioned” by that technical function, copyright protection is excluded.
About the second question, i.e., the criteria for assessing whether the form is ‘necessary to achieve a technical result’ the Advocate General considers the following:
Expired Patent
The (expired) patent may serve to clarify whether the shape of the product was imposed by technical constraints. Although the advocate does not (and should not) assess it, it is important to note that the Brompton patent protected only the bicycle’s folding system (Conclusions – paragraph 80).
Alternative Solutions
Alternative solutions are irrelevant for the purpose of clarifying the exclusive relationship between the characteristics of the product’s technical appearance and function, although the existence of alternative solutions is a factor which may allow scope for intellectual creation leading to the same technical result (paragraph 83 – Conclusions, by reference to the DOCERAM judgment, Case C-395/16). In other words, it may be relevant that the chosen form incorporates important non-functional elements, is due to a free choice of its author.
Achieve the same technical result
For the purposes of assessing the copyright infringements, the willingness of the alleged infringer to achieve the same technical result is not relevant. However, the will to achieve a technical result can be assessed when evaluating the relationship between form and function (Conclusions – paragraphs 89 and 90).
Criteria
The criteria for assessing the relationship of exclusivity between the appearance of the product and its technical performance are not exhausted in those analysed and it is not appropriate to list them (exhaustively or not) since this depends on factual criteria and it is not possible to determine them a priori (Conclusions – paragraph 99).
Finally, the awaited CJEU’s response
The Court has considered in its recent judgment of 11 June 2020 (Case C-833/18) that, in the present case, the shape of the bike is indeed necessary to obtain the technical result (para. 29). However, that consideration does not prevent the product concerned from being considered as a «work» that can be protected by copyright, and therefore, the author and his successors in title would enjoy the exclusive rights recognised in Articles 2 to 5 of Directive 2001/29/EC.
The CJEU concludes that products whose shape is necessary to obtain a technical result may be protected by copyright in so far as they constitute an «original work resulting from intellectual creation». This will be considered to be the case when the shape is an expression of the author’s «creative ability». To satisfy this requirement, the author must create the product «by making free and creative choices in such a way that that shape reflects his personality». Moreover, the Court clarifies that the product whose shape is solely dictated by its technical function will not be covered by this protection (para. 33).
Thus, as we can see, the CJEU has decided on the said request for a preliminary ruling without departing, in essence, from the line of argument of the Advocate General (Opinion in Case C-833/18), the CJEU hands the baton to the national courts, establishing the following criteria:
–The existence of an earlier patent (already expired in the present case) and the effectiveness of the shape in achieving the same technical result should be taken into account only in so far as those factors «reveal what was taken into consideration in choosing the shape of the product concerned» (paragraph 36).
–In assessing the factors that guided the creator’s decision, it is not a determining factor whether alternative solutions exist to achieve the same technical result. This will show, nevertheless, that there was a possibility of choice. The Court adds that: «the intention [of achieving the same technical result] of the alleged infringer is irrelevant in such an assessment» (paragraph 35).
Once again, the CJEU leaves great a deal of leeway to national courts, which will continue to have the important task of assessing, on a case-by-case basis, the limits and compatibility between the different intellectual property rights.
